i hope it helps u

Acknowledgement

For the successful completion of the project, I would like to thank first of all my social science teacher [teacher’s name] who introduced me to this project and incepted me with the idea of how to proceed with the project. This project definitely would have not been a successful project without his assistance and vigilance. There are many other people whom I would like to thank. First of all I would like to thank my elder brother who helped me a lot while I was on the go with the project. He assisted me every time I needed. I would also like to thank my parents for helping me in the project with their own ideas and suggestions. I would like to then thank [if you have a family doctor or a doctor friend], a doctor friend of mine who helped me in the project providing details about various things. Again, I would like to thank the above mentioned people. Without them, this project could not have been the way it is. Your signature.

Contents

Make the table of contents according to the chapters and page number.

Foreword

We know what the value of our life is. But, there are situations in which it falls in danger and sometimes, without appropriate steps that need to be taken, lives are lost. “A drop of water is more valuable to a man who is thirsty, nearing to death than a tumbler full of water when he is dead.” Yes, in most of the cases of injury, if first aid is provided successfully, the dangers to life are reduced to less than 60%. However, in most of the cases in which the injured is serious, lack of first aid leads the injured to his last breath. This project has been intentioned to be viewed as a pocket first aid guide which can be used for reference during emergencies. Readers may find guidelines, which contain steps that need to be taken to give first aid for fractures, poisoning, cuts, burns and a lot of other cases in which first aid can prove to be the life saving action.

What is First Aid?

First Aid is a set of measures which need to be taken in order to prevent any further harm being done to the body of an injured person in case of an accidental injury. First aid has three main objectives –

1. To preserve life of the injured – Definitely, the main objective of providing first aid to the injured is that life of the injured can be saved. The life of the injured must not be lost just because no one was there to provide first aid – this is the main objective of first aid.

2. To prevent deterioration of the condition – The first aider needs to make sure that the condition of the injured does not deteriorate otherwise the first objective might fail.

3. To promote recovery of the injured – If the first and the second objectives are successfully met, then the first aid provider must try to take the injured to the doctor in case of availability. Otherwise, he / she must try his best to do what he / she can do in order to support recovery of the injured.

Essence of a First Aid Kit

To provide the needy with first aid properly, one needs to have a good first aid kit which contains the essential things which might be needed while providing first aid to the injured. A good first aid kit must contain the following things in side it –

• Adhesive tape

• Crepe bandage

• Cotton

• Wool

• Sterile Dressing

• Soap

• Gloves

• Scissors

• Thermometer

• Pain Killer

• Antacid

• Mineral Water (to be renewed regularly)

• Triangular Bandage

• ORS Packets

• Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant like Dettol or Savalon A first aid kit can be made in any kind of box.

One can use a shoe box to make a first aid kit too. However, it is to be kept in mind that the first aid box must be clean.

First Aid for Different Injuries and Circumstances

In this column, one can find first aid measures for different types of injuries and circumstances. One of the very important steps is calling for the emergency help or calling for the ambulance in all the cases. It has not been included one by one in all the cases or injuries.

First Aid for Fractures

In case of fractures or broken bone, one should do the following as the steps of providing first aid –

1. Stop any bleeding – In case there is any bleeding nearby the fractured area, the first aid provider must try to stop it by applying pressure on the wound with clean, sterile bandage or a clean cloth like a clean handkerchief.

2. Immobilize the fractured part – The fractured area must not be moved or tried to be realigned or pushed. Until and unless the first aid provider is an expert or a professional, the fractured part must not be manually tried to be adjusted. If the provider is an expert and knows how to fit a splint, a splint must be tried to be fitted.

3. Apply ice – A mass of ice must be applied to the fractured area in order to limit the swelling and help the injured person to get a bit of relieve until the arrival of emergency help. The ice must not be applied directly, but must be wrapped in a towel or any other piece of cloth and then must be applied.

4. Treating for shock – If the person is getting unconscious or is fainting, then the person must be treated with mouth to mouth breaths, and must be tried to lay down with the legs, slightly raised.

5. Padding or Support – The wound can also be supported with padding so as to relax the injured.

First Aid for Poisoning

In case of poisoning, the following first aid measures can be taken –

1. Fresh air – If the person has inhaled the poison, then he must be allowed to intake fresh air immediately, as soon as possible.

2. Removal from the mouth – In case the victim has swallowed the poison, anything which remains in his mouth, must be removed immediately.

3. Dilution – In case of intake of poison through mouth, the person must be made to drink water or milk in order to dilute the poison.

4. Requesting directions from control centre – If the poison is a household cleaner or some other chemical then one should try to call up the control centre through the phone number supplied on the back of the container and directions must be requested.

5. CPR – If the person suffers from breathing problems, then he must be aided with CPR. CPR or Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a process which is attempted in an effort to bring someone who is showing no signs of circulation, back to life. This can involve chest compressions at 100 compressions or more per minute and artificial (mouth to mouth) respiration.

6. Cleaning – If the poison has spilled off on the cloth, skin or eyes of the person, then the person’s cloth, skin or eye must be cleaned with regular showers of lukewarm water for about 20 minutes.

First Aid for Cuts

The following steps must be undertaken in case of a cut

1. Stopping the bleeding – In case of a cut, if the bleeding of the wound does not stop itself in a few minutes, then gentle pressure with a piece of clean cloth or bandage, must be applied.

2. Cleaning – The wound must be cleaned with fresh water. If available, a Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant must be used to clean the wound. Debris and dirt should be carefully removed without troubling the injured. The hands of the cleaner must be sterilized or gloves should be used.

3. Antibiotic or Ointment – After cleaning the wound, a thin layer of antibiotic or ointment like Neosporin must be applied.

4. Bandaging– After cleaning and applying ointment on the wound, a sterile bandage must be used to cover the wound, carefully.

5. Stitches – For deep wounds, the first aid provider must seek help and get the deep wounds stitched if possible.

6. Tetanus – If one suspects that the cut has been caused by some dangerous, rusted thing, then the injured person must be given a tetanus shot or tetanus injection too.

First Aid for Burns

There are three levels or degrees of burns –

1. First Degree – In this, only the outer layer of the skin is burnt.

2. Second Degree – In this, the first and the second layer of the skin are burnt

3. Third Degree – In this, all the layers of the skin can get burnt. Tissues can be burnt permanently and elements like fats, muscles and bones can also get burnt. It is the most serious case of burns. For minor burns (first and second degree), the following first aid measures can be taken –

1. Cooling the burn – The burnt area must be cooled using running water or cool water (not too much cool) for about 20 minutes. If this does not reduce the pain, the burnt area can be left immersed in the water.

2. Bandage and pain relieve – The burnt area can be next, bandaged loosely and blistered skin must be protected. Pain relievers like aspirin can be given to the injured if he is not allergic to it. Ice must not be applied and blistered skin should be taken care of. For major burns (third degree), the following aids can be given –

1. Burned clothing – The burnt clothing must not be removed off the skin but heating or smouldering materials must be removed.

2. No cold water – Cold water must not be used in case of serious burns. This can deteriorate body temperature, blood pressure and circulation.

3. CPR – If there is no breathing or no sign of circulation or movement, then CPR must be initiated.

4. Covering the area – The burnt area must be covered with moist, sterile cloth like towels.

5. Elevation – The body must be elevated, if possible, above the chest portion.

First Aid for Heat and Cold Wave

Heat wave or heat stroke is also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia. This is generally caused due to excessive exercise during high temperature conditions and high humidity and inadequate water supply. Also, heat waves like loo winds can be the reason. Following steps can be taken as first aid for heat waves –

1. Air Conditioning – The person suffering from heat wave must be instantly brought to an air conditioned ambience. Though fans would work too, but air conditioners would be more effective.

2. Mineral drinks - If the person is not allergic to any of these drinks, then he must be provided with sherbet or mineral drinks.

3. Cramps - If the person feels that he is having cramps, the area where he feels the cramp is must be massaged and must be transferred to a cool place. Cold waves or hypothermia is a condition when the body loses a lot of its heat. Following are the first aid measures to be taken for cold wave –

1. Blanket - The person suffering from cold wave must be provided with a blanket.

2. Hot Drinks – The person can be provided with hot drinks like tea, coffee etc. Also, he can be provided with soup and broth.

3. Hot water bath – The person can be arranged for a hot water bath. This is effective in increasing the temperature of the body.

First Aid for Fainting

If oneself faints, the person must lie down with head between the knees. If someone else faints, then the following steps can be taken –

1. Positioning the person – The person must be positioned on his back with the leg’s elevated above the chest level. He must not be made to get up too quickly.

2. CPR – If the signs of circulation like breathing, movement, coughing, etc. are absent, then the CPR must be initiated.

Conclusion

As the concluding part of this project, I would like to say that – “Without proper action at proper time, danger awaits us with a bigger face.” We must act on time when a person is injured. We must take care of the person the way it is meant. Otherwise, a valuable life might be lost. We need to understand how precious lives of people are and what importance first aid carries in saving these precious lives. If this project imparts this idea in even one person, I would think that the project has been successful.

Bibliography

Following are the sources which have been used in the successful completion of this project –

1. www.thetrozone.com

2. other sources (go on mentioning one by one)

First aid for dog bite

They may be our best friends, but dogs are still animals and they can bite. In fact, dogs bite more than 4 million Americans every year. One out of every five of those bites causes an injury that requires medical attention, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Children between the ages of 5 and 9 are the most frequent dog bite victims. Children are also more likely than adults to be injured by a dog bite.

Although strays or other strange dogs can bite, most of the time people are actually bitten by a dog they know, which could be a friend's dog or even the family pet.

To prevent dog bites:

·                                 When choosing a dog for a family pet, pick one with a good temperament.

·                                 Stay away from any dogs you don't know.

·                                 Never leave young children alone with a dog -- especially an unfamiliar one.

·                                 Don't try to play with any dog that is eating or feeding her puppies.

·                                 Whenever you approach a dog, do so slowly, and give the dog the chance to approach you.

·                                 If a dog becomes aggressive, do not run away or scream. Stay calm, move slowly, and don't make eye contact with the dog.

Dog Bite Treatments

Although you can provide first aid for a dog bite at home, it's very important to see a doctor, especially if an unfamiliar dog bit you, the bite is deep, you can't stop the bleeding, or there are any signs of infection (redness, swelling, warmth, pus). Dog bites can cause infections that need to be treated with antibiotics.

To care for a dog bite injury at home:

·                                 Place a clean towel over the injury to stop any bleeding.

·                                 Try to keep the injured area elevated.

·                                 Wash the bite carefully with soap and water.

·                                 Apply a sterile bandage to the wound.

·                                 Apply antibiotic ointment to the injury every day to prevent infection.

When you visit the doctor, be prepared to answer a few questions, including:

·                                 Do you know the owner of the dog?

·                                 If so, is the dog up to date on all vaccinations, including rabies?

·                                 Did the bite occur because the dog was provoked, or was the dog unprovoked?

·                                 What health conditions do you have? People with diabetes, liver disease, illnesses that suppress the immune system, and other health conditions may be at greater risk for a more severe infection.

Your doctor will examine the injury to see whether the bite was deep enough to damage muscles, tendons, nerves, or bones. Then the doctor will thoroughly clean the bite wound to remove any dirt or bacteria, and may also remove dead tissues from the wound.

Sometimes, sutures are used to close a dog bite wound; however, this practice is controversial. Although suturing the injury can reduce scarring, it also can increase the risk of infection. Whether the injury is closed may depend on its location. For example, dog bites on the face may be sutured to prevent visible scars. Very deep wounds that cause a great deal of damage may require plastic surgery. 

First aid for snake bite

1. Note the Snake's Appearance

·                                 Be ready to describe the snake to emergency staff.

2. Protect the Person

While waiting for medical help:

·                                 Move the person beyond striking distance of the snake.

·                                 Have the person lie down with wound below the heart.

·                                 Keep the person still to keep venom from spreading.

·                                 Cover the wound with loose, sterile bandage.

Do not:

·                                 Cut a bite wound

·                                 Attempt to suck out venom

·                                 Apply tourniquet, ice, or water

·                                 Give the person alcohol or caffeinated drinks

3. Follow Up

If you treat the bite at home:

·                                 Contact a health care provider. The person may need a tetanus shot. Tetanus boosters should be given every 10 years.

At the hospital, treatment will depend on the type of snake.

·                                 If the snake was venomous, the person will be given anti-venom treatment.

·                                 A tetanus shot may be given, depending on date of last injection.

First aid for electrocution

Children, especially toddlers, love sticking their little fingers anywhere and everywhere, especially into plug points and sockets. The human body is a good conductor of electricity, and contact with a live power source can cause significant burns, or may interfere with the heart's electrical system.

Everyone has received minor electric shocks sometime or the other, which are no cause for concern. But once in a while, a lose wire or a faulty household appliance can shock the life out of you - literally. Most of the 
fatal electric shocks happen at home.  
 

Here's what you can do if it happens in your home.  

• The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity, and it is important that you first separate him from the electrical source. 

• Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug. It's best to simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse. Often, simply turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity. 

• In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away from the electrical source. 

• Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands, or the electric current will pass through you as well. 

• If you are barefoot, stand of some clothes or any hand non-conductive material like wood or paper. Make sure you are not standing on anything that is wet. 

• Throw a blanket over the victim and try to separate him from the source. Maje sure you don't touch him though. You could also use dry, nonconductive material such as a wooden broom handle or a chair to separate the victim from the live current. whatever is handy.

• Once the victim has been separated, check to see if he is breathing. If breathing has stopped or seems slow, administer CPR immediately.

• Let his head be slightly lower than the rest of the body, and raise his legs.

• Cover the victim with a blanket. 

• Move the victim as little as possible. He may have suffered injuries to his spine and neck. 

• If the victim has a burn, remove the clothing from the burned area (unless it's stuck to the skin) and rinse it in cool, running water. Cover the burn with a dressing. 

• Don't apply ice or any other ointment or cotton dressing to the burn. 

• Call for emergency medical attention as soon as possible.

Doctor interview questions

-         What is first aid?
- When do you usually do first aid?
- What are the common cases that you use first aid for?
- What instruments do you use whenever he performs first aid?
- What are the first things to do in attempting to do first aid?
- What medicine are commonly given in first aid?
- What do you do after you do first aid?
- What are the things you check or look for when doing first aid?
- Can you name a few things you do as first aid?
- What are the things commonly found in the first aid kit?
- Any other important information I should know about first aid?
- Are there certain people who specialize in first aid?

At last report of who did what….

I hope u like my ideas……

Robin singh